Abstract

This design project intends to create a multipurpose foldable table that folds and uses SolidWorks for detailed modelling and visualization. The key goal is to produce a functional and malleable furniture piece that can smoothly change between different roles, including a dining table, work desk, and a mobile storage system, all the while responding to the compact space requirements of urban existence. This design method includes a comprehensive engineering analysis as well as CAD modelling to encourage the efficient use of materials and user comfort during operation. 

This project employs the high-performance features of SolidWorks for detailed design tasks, which include stress analysis and motions simulations, to examine the durability and performance of foldable mechanisms in multiple scenarios. The structure of the table consists of a stable yet aerodynamic frame that makes use of both aluminium and composites to remain intact without adding additional weight. Integrated ergonomics enhance both the comfort and accessibility of users. 

Key results from the engineering analysis indicate the table can successfully sustain large loads and remain stable by means of its innovative hinge and lock systems. The foldable design of the table furnishes a variety of storage options suited to several room layouts and space limitations. The design is not just easy to use, but it also supports easy customization, allowing versatile deployment within domestic and commercial applications. 

The end product is a Multipurpose foldable table that is not just functional and flexible but also reasonably priced to make and environmentally sustainable, due to the efficient use of materials. This initiative illustrates a successful combination of engineering fundamentals and CAD technology, maximizing the capabilities of a product designed to satisfy today’s dynamic lifestyle requirements. 

Acknowledgements

I am extremely grateful to all those who have helped me in every way to make this project a success. First of all, I would like to personally thank my project advisor Dr. M. Waseem Soomro for being a real superhero throughout the work on the project. Your criticism and support contributed greatly in the project’s odds and in seeing the project to a successful end. 

I am also grateful to my peers and colleagues for their collaboration and encouragement. I have to thank Manukau Institute of Technology a lot for giving insightful discussion and technological support, it enriched the activities a lot. Also, I would like to thank again to Manukau Institute of Technology as they offered their organizational facilities, and careful usage of SolidWorks software helped in executing this project. Greatest appreciation to family and friends, for their support and constructive criticism words which kept me alert throughout this process. 

Introduction 

This design project is the creation of a multipurpose foldable table – a concept proposed to respond to the needs for functional furniture to address the trends of modern urban dwellings. The importance of this project is the design of a unifunctional furniture piece that can serve multiple functions like dining, working or storage while serving the need of restricted space in urban homes. In the context of engineering the project employs the use of SolidWorks in creating a design that is not only functional but also suitable for installation in contemporary interiors. 

Some goals of this project are to create and build a portable table that has as many functions as possible and take as little space as possible and being produced for as little cost as possible. The range of topics includes fundamental and advanced design stages based on sketches and CAD manipulations and 3D printing, components and mechanisms’ testing reads and materials analysis, prototypes.

It also seeks to determine different ways in which the project can be adapted to a variety of uses in homes and offices among them. The report format is designed to give a general description of the project. It starts with a thorough background of the project explaining why it is needed and what the overall project is.

Subsequently, this paper shows the concept of the design, and the engineering processes implemented to material select as well as develop a foldable mechanism in SolidWorks. The study then proceeds to show stress and functionality results attained from prototype testing and analyse them to the objectives outlined above.

Finally, the report contains the results, further enhancements, and other proposals for future studies. This kind of structure makes it easier to have an understanding on the path which has been taken and more importantly the areas that have been accomplished and the other areas which are still to be accomplished about the certain project.

Literature Review 

When searching for articles for the creation of a multipurpose foldable table, there is need to consider various academic and engineering articles that relate to foldable furniture, design principles and engineering standards for creation of such products. The topic of the current research focuses on multifunctional and metamorphic furniture which has benefited from the growth of urbanization and the ever-shrinking size of the homes that people live in. 

Some of the specific themes important in this field are summarized focusing on the extemporary solutions and constructions that do not only save space but also provide functionality. For instance, Park and Yoon have recently published an article, ‘‘On the design of flexible structures and ergonomic approaches through foldable furniture’’ focusing on ‘‘the lightweight synergy effects and upweighting ergonomic transitional mechanism.’’ That work lays the groundwork for designs that must not only be functional but structurally sound as well. This lays the foundation for the application of similar design principles in this project. 

Furthermore, Zhang et al. (2020) examined how modularity can help improve furniture forms and make them more appealing to customers. This study has helped us in designing variably provided components of the foldable table as it has indicated various customers’ needs and looks, they would like to receive. Moreover, other general guidelines, for example, ASME, offer a guideline for mechanical and structural safety of multi-functional furniture during its engineering and production. 

Thus, it can be concluded that identified trends and developments still do not have enough published research devoted to cost-efficient manufacturing of foldable tables with a high degree of durability and attractive design. In addition, the identification of innovative resources, in addition to the exploitation of sustainable resources that do not affect the material performance, remains relatively narrow. This project aims to fill these gaps by identifying new materials, efficient design processes and the use of sustainability while not lowering the aesthetic or technological value of the Multipurpose foldable table. 

Design Process and Refinement 

Organizational design process was used in designing the multipurpose foldable table and involved step by step approach of concept development, design, design iteration and design implementation. This process was divided into several key stages: The idea generation process, tool development, experimentation, and optimization, all form an important part of the whole process in order to arrive at the final solution. 

The first activity was to create scenarios and draw sketches of possible designs based on market analysis and user requirements. During this stage several concepts were assessed based on bulb area, functionality and appearance. The first designs and basic testing of their functions were carried out using constructive SolidWorks preview. 

Implementation of feedback was crucial as far as the development of the new design was concerned. A key source of information through surveys and focus group discussions was used to identify some features that users preferred the most and what features were problematic. This feedback, together with technical research, pointed to the need for simple manipulation of folding elements and the use of materials and structures that were at the same time swift, tough and light. 

During the prototyping phase, a model was developed with the main purpose of assessing the stability and usability of the multipurpose foldable table. Some components had instability and less friendly in use, so, during testing these components had to be altered. As a result, improvements were made to the hinge mechanisms to make folding and unfolding smoother and more effective and new supports were incorporated to raise the load carrying capacity. These changes were done to satisfy user requirements as well as engineering requirement of the table.

One of those enhancements was the adjustable leg which was deemed to be unsuitable structurally to accommodate the extra load bearing requirement. Moreover, a feature of the frame folding at its centre was taken out because of structural problems and the frame’s increased susceptibility to break. To improve the strength and durability of the structure, aluminium was chosen over wood material, which when subjected to stress, was more elastic and produced a longer lasting framework. 

Further modifications of the initial concept were totally pertinent to technical constraints and user responses. For instance, while developing aluminium stringers, it was possible to cut down the weight which in return complemented the stringer’s strength.

All of these improvements where in line with the project brief which aimed to produce a flexible, hard wearing and attractive piece of furniture. In all, the Fight hand’s design process encapsulation in the proposed iterative cycle that incorporated the continuous feedback and testing into the detailing of the table was central to achieving the current ideal product that fits into the modern living spaces and at the same time the practical and technical necessity. 

3D CAD Modelling and 2D CAD Drawings 

The SolidWorks software was also used to model the multipurpose foldable table where solid modelling was done to systematically model each part of the table to conform to functional and aesthetic requirements. Basically, in addressing the final question on CAD modelling, there is the need for one to record all the steps that one has gone through, the decisions that has been made, the challenges met among others. 

3D CAD Modelling Process

1. Initial Design Setup: The process commenced with initialisation of the program where SolidWorks is set by designing the proper parameters and units based on New Zealand and Australia. This maintained compliance with AS/NZS 1100 to specifications when designing the different structures. 
2. Component Design: What this means is that when designing the table each subpart which includes the legs, the tabletop, the hinges and frames were modelled separately. Particular emphasis was placed on how these components would be connected, so that they would not interfere with the operation of the folding system. 

• Assembly Creation: Solid works assembly features were employed to compile these individual part into one complete table model. Force constraints as well as force mates were given in order to give realistic and jovial movements corresponding to the intent of the table, therefore were chosen in such a way that they closely simulated the table use. 

Design Decisions

Material Choice: It was chosen for the table legs and frame due to its lightness and strength which according to the project, was to be a portable table accessory. 

Hinge Mechanism: The hinge design must also be specially formulated to be capable of doing more than just allow constant and multiple folding and unfolding of the shield without depleting itself of its functionality. This led to the addition of a locking element in order to address the stability issue. 

Key Challenges: Of particular concern was some degree of foldability that could not diminish the sturdiness of the table to some extent. In the SolidWorks, the design was analysed for various loads and the solid supports were added and the type of hinge was changed after several iterations, which included testing and simulation. 

3D CAD Model Screenshots

However, due to the nature of this text format, it is impossible to insert specific images: In order to provide the best idea of the design, high-quality screenshots should be taken from all the angles: isometric, top, and side of multipurpose foldable table. 

2D CAD Drawings : Multipurpose foldable table

While producing 2D CAD drawings orthographic views, being front view, top view and right view, were created to give as much detail as possible. These included dimensions, tolerances as well as annotation shown to conform with the AS/NZS 1100 standard. This encompasses understating all the required dimensions, the markings of the material, and expanded views of the aspect parts such as the hinges. Every design provided with dimensions and tolerances that correspond to manufacturing potential and conventional standards of the industry. 

Therefore, CAD modelling in SolidWorks was a critical factor to consider in improving the design of the multipurpose foldable table, solving design problems, and satisfying engineering requirements. This documentation is useful also as a historical account and as a reference point if further improvements or changes needs to be done. 

Drawing Standard NZ/AU 1100 

While generating 2D CAD drawings in order to conform to New Zealand and Australian engineering standards that are included in the AS/NZS 1100 standard, there are some questions that have to be solved to achieve full compliance. These standard guides on how technical drawings ought to be done in terms of presentation, readability and legibility. Here’s how you can ensure your drawings meet these criteria: 

Drawing Layout and Format

The preferred sheet sizes should be used as specified under the standard range of AS/NZS 1100. Sizes are A0, A1, A2, A3, and A4 sizes commonly used today. 

Title block: Every sheet containing a drawing should bear certain information including, the job title, sheet number or name, revisions, scale, etc. and the drafter’s name. 

Projections and Views: Multipurpose foldable table

As a bare minimum, plans should include the three conventional orthographic drawings, namely the front view, the top view and the side view. Align these views correctly and if there are requiring complex features, add the other additional views such as sectional or detailed views. 

Gantt Chart 

Discussion 

The design process of the multipurpose foldable table produced several major hurdles that were resolved through savvy strategies and iterative design adjustments. The primary challenge was to harmonize the demand for a consistent and durable organization with a need for lightweight and transportable design.

In the past, commonly used resilient materials often added greater weight, causing the table to be more difficult to transport. Addressing this problem required the incorporation of aluminium, which gives both lasting power and a lightweight advantage. In addition, using composite materials for the tabletop achieved an equilibrium between resilience and weight efficiency. 

Designing a trustworthy folding mechanism that enables easy and fluid operation without hindering stability was yet another major difficulty. The stability of the initial designs was severely tested when switching between the folded and unfolded configurations. During several design iterations and tests in SolidWorks, a developed hinge mechanism included locking features to secure its positioning when in use and to compact it when it is folded. 

The project outline required a product to be not only workable but also compliant with today’s aesthetic standards for use across different multifunctional applications. The ultimate design effectively accommodates these needs by delivering a manageable, visually attractive table that adapts to several uses, from dining to workspace.

The design process maintained the engineering standards, in particular, in accordance with guidelines from New Zealand and Australia. This encompassed the action of following AS/NZS 1100 for drawing specifications, making certain that every dimension, tolerance, and annotation was accurately used to guide accurate manufacturing. 

Numerous compromises and trade-offs were needed in the design process. One of examples is that picking lighter materials for portability necessitates careful engineering in order to maintain ideal strength and stability. This happened by reinforcing specific elements without adding much weight. Also, the integration of adjustable components for tailored solutions created challenges in design and manufacturing, which were resolved by simplifying specific parts to preserve feasibility and expense. 

Even though these sorts of trade-offs are fundamental, they cause very little impact on functionality because of a methodical equilibrium of features and thorough testing. The design of multipurpose foldable accordingly continues to be viable, offering a solution that effectively meets the project goals accompanied by strong functionality and quality. 

 Application of Engineering Standards 

For the multipurpose foldable table, it was vital to follow relevant engineering standards of New Zealand and Australia to guarantee the product’s safety, quality, and its capability for manufacturing. In the course of design, multiple standards were found and integrated to guide the process of material selection, meeting performance needs, and ensuring safety considerations. 

Safety Standards

Compliance with AS/NZS 3813 was the priority focus towards safety, representing standards for furniture used in domestic environments. The standard confirms that while the table was in operation, stability, strength, and safety were all design factors. The folding mechanism of the table was comprehensively tested to make sure it could support expected loads without suffering from failure. The locking mechanisms were set up to stop unintentional collapse and manage critical safety problems. 

Material Selection

The choice of materials was informed by AS/NZS 1664, which presents standards for applications of aluminium frameworks. Since aluminium was selected for its optimal combination of weight and strength, this standard facilitated the assurance that the material choice satiated structural requirements while remaining light enough for transportability. Also, we decided to use particular grades of aluminium that are known for their superior corrosion resistance and durability, informed by the AS/NZS 1866 guidelines regarding durability of aluminium and aluminium alloys. 

Manufacturability

It was important to pay adequate attention to AS/NZS 1100 standards about technical drawings for the sake of manufacturability. The standard acted to furnish detailed and understandable directions for generating 2D CAD drawings, ensuring that dimensions, annotations, and tolerances appeared accurately for superior manufacturing precision. Following these conventions helped to lower potential errors in production, which improved the entire manufacturability process. 

Performance Standards

In order to ensure that the table met functional requirements across its expected lifetime, compliance with AS/NZS 4288 was a factor in performance considerations. Using load testing enabled the replication of actual scenarios, confirming the table could survive multiple cycles of folding and unfolding without losing performance. 

In essence, the incorporation of these standards straight affected the design choices by delivering relevant direction for material selection, safety characteristics, and manufacturing processes. The preference for high-grade aluminium resulted from needs regarding performance and safety, underpinning both durability and the product’s lightweight nature.

In a similar way, sticking to the technical drawing standards of AS/NZS 1100 provided the precision necessary for both accurate and efficient manufacturing. The combination of these standards confirmed that the multipurpose foldable table met the project requirements and complied with the advanced safety and quality standards established by the engineering communities of New Zealand and Australia. 

Design Requirements of Multipurpose foldable table

Table Size: Length: 1200 mm, Width: 600 mm & Height: 411mm  

Weight– Approx 10.4 kg  

Load capacity: Approx 100 to 150kg. 

Table stand opening angle – 90 degree 

Cost Estimate 

A practical calculation of the costs associated with the multipurpose foldable table project requires a complete overview of the costs that comprise the full expense. Understanding the financial success of the project includes categorizing costs as materials, labor, and production, every one of which is important. 

Cost Breakdown

Material Costs:

• Aluminium for Frame: $25 for each unit (adjusted to volume and quality used) 
• Composite Material for Tabletop: $15 per unit 
• Hinges and Locking Mechanisms: $10 per unit 
• Additional Hardware (screws, other fittings): $5 per unit 
• Total Material Cost per Table: $45 

   Design and Engineering Labor: 

• Initial design and CAD modelling: $500 
• Iterative testing and refinement: $300    Fabrication Labor: 
• Assembly and quality inspection: $50 per unit 
• Total Labor Cost: $850 (starting off) + $50 for every unit 

Production Costs: 

• Manufacturing Setup (Tooling and Equipment): $1000 (initial) 
• Production Overheads (utilities, maintenance): $10 per unit 
• Packaging and Logistics: $5 per unit 
• Total Production Cost: $1000 (at the beginning) + $15 per unit 

Total Cost Estimate: 

• Initial Design and Setup Costs: $2350 
• Per Unit Manufacturing Cost: $110 

Justification and Factors Affecting Cost: 

Materials: Using lightweight and durable materials such as aluminium and composites was vital, raising costs as a result of the specific grades and quality selected to fulfil performance criteria. During times of market change for materials, the total cost can experience a rapid adjustment. 

Labor: In order for the product to meet all design requirements and standards, we need knowledgeable labour for CAD modelling and prototype testing. Improvements in both design and testing efficiency might help reduce labour costs. 

Production: Only a single expense arises from the costs involved in establishing manufacturing, which concerns tooling. As a result of the large batch production’s economies of scale, the marginal cost can significantly lower. 

Other Considerations: Changing labour remuneration, tax conditions, or tariffs may entirely redefine project costs. At some point in the future, improvements in material processing or manufacturing technology might successfully cut costs. 

As a whole, the cost estimate reflects the present expected expenditures as well as speculative future efficiency gains and industry fluctuations, integrity a detailed financial outlook for the project. 

Conclusion 

The objective of creating an all-around multipurpose foldable table was achieved through the creation of a durable and compact furniture solution suitable for modern tight spaces. The ultimate design skilfully resolves the main problems of efficient space utilization and multipurpose capabilities by turning the table into a dining table and workstation while functioning as a storage option. By using SolidWorks for intricate models and following engineering practices in New Zealand and Australia the design met both functional and design criteria while ensuring exceptional safety and manufacturing quality. 

During the project various obstacles emerged focusing on balancing rigidity with mobility and developing a trustworthy folding method. These issues were resolved by implementing process improvements and testing repeatedly; for instance, by selecting aluminium because of its strength-to-weight ratio and modifying the hinge design for simple operation while ensuring stability. This way helped identify the importance of-user feedback and updating the design to fulfil both user expectations and the tech guidelines. 

To better suit different styles and preferences in the future changes might concentrate on upgrading customization options for the multipurpose foldable table. Hunting for materials that are both sustainable and strong has the ability to lessen environmental repercussions while fulfilling the urgent call for sustainability. We must prioritize the enhancement of production processes to decrease costs via automation and original solutions. The enhancements increase visual appeal and functionality to make the table a contemporary and functional option across industries. 

References : Multipurpose foldable table

• Standards New Zealand and Standards Australia. (1998). Methods of Test for Furniture – Strength, Durability and Stability (AS/NZS 3813). Standards New Zealand. 
• Standards New Zealand and Standards Australia. (2005). Specification for General Purpose Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys (AS/NZS 1866). Standards New Zealand. 
• Standards New Zealand and Standards Australia. (2000). Technical Drawing Part 101: General Principles (AS/NZS 1100). Standards New Zealand. 
• Park, S., & Yoon, J. (2017). Ergonomic considerations and material strategy in the design of foldable furniture. Journal of Furniture Design, 15(2), 123-135.
• Zhang, H., Lee, T., & Kim, J. (2020). Modular designs in multifunctional furniture: Enhancing adaptability and consumer appeal. International Journal of Design, 24(3), 210-226. 
• Standards New Zealand and Standards Australia. (1999). Method of Specifying Aluminium Structures (AS/NZS 1664). Standards New Zealand.

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